Extramedullary Myeloma


 


Authored by Nahla A M Hamed
xtramedullary myeloma (EMM) is the presence of clonal plasma cells (PCs) outside the bone marrow in a patient with multiple myeloma (MM). EMM can be present at the time of initial diagnosis (primary EMM) or at the time of relapse (secondary EMM) [1]. EMM has an incidence of 7% to 20% at presentation and 6% to 20% during disease progression [2]. Using sensitive imaging techniques including MRI and PET/CT, EMM may be found in up to 30% of MM patients across the overall disease course [3]. Blade et al. [4] proposed two distinct mechanisms of EMM: direct extension of bone plasmacytomas with cortical destruction and hematogeneous dissemination of myeloma cells to an anatomical site distant from the bone marrow. Extramedullary spread can be triggered by an invasive procedure (surgery or catheter insertion) or by a bone fracture [3].
For more open access journal in juniper publishers click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/index.php
For more articles in Peer reviewed Journal of Cancer Therapy and Oncology click on:  https://juniperpublishers.com/ctoij/index.php

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Drivers of Precision Medicine: Liquid Biopsy and Next-Generation Sequencing

Image
Cancer Therapy & Oncology- Juniper Publishers                                                      Abbreviations cfDNA: Cell-Free DNA; NGS: Next-Generation Sequencing; WGS: Whole Genome Sequencing; WES: Whole Exome Sequencing; GH: Guardant Health; CT: Circulogene Theranostics Editorial Targeted therapy specifically aims at tumor genetic alterations s the hallmark of precision medicine. Companion diagnostic testing utilized to determine the presence or absence of certain oncogenic mutations prior to targeted treatment under the current medical guidelines will enable improved clinical outcome, and thus serves as a vital component for precision medicine. Standard clinical practice to assess genetic mutations in cancer patients has historically been through direct sampling of tumor tissue with biopsy or surgical resection. Unfortunately, tissue biopsy is...
Read more

Recent Advance in Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Risk Stratification of Essential Thrombocythemia

Image
Cancer Therapy & Oncology- Juniper Publishers                                               Abstract In the 2016 version of WHO classification, bone marrow morphology is critical in the distinction between ET and pre-PMF. Reticulin-fiber grading becomes central: grade 1 or less is needed for ET. Furthermore,  CALR  assessment must be performed in all ET patients without  JAK2  mutation. Some prognostic implications have been described for  CALR  mutations, i.e., a lower risk of thrombosis in ET. Abbreviations:  MPN: Myelo Proliferative Neoplasm; WHO: World Health Organization; JAK: Janus kinase; CALR: Calreticulin; bp: base pair; MPL: Myelo Proliferative Leukemia virus oncogene; TPO: Thrombo Protein; RARS-T: Refractory Anemia with Ring Sideroblasts associated with marked Thrombocytosis; PMF: Primary Myelo Fibrosis; IPSET: The Internati...
Read more

A Young Woman with Coomb's Positive Severe Haemolytic Anaemia and Hodgkin Lymphoma that Responded Completely to Rituximab: A Case Report

Image
  Cancer Therapy & Oncology- Juniper Publishers                                                      Abstract Introduction Lymphoma has been historically divided into a Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin variety. There are reported cases of Hemolytic Anemia in Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma but Hodgkin Lymphoma very rarely also present with Hemolytic Anemias. Case presentation A 27-year-old African woman presented with chronic fatigue, dyspnoea, jaundice and Splenomegalie. Her blood work revealed severe anaemia (haemoglobin, 4.9 g/dl) with biochemical evidence of haemolysis. A direct Coomb's test was reported positive. A biopsy of the lymph nodes in the neck confirmed Hodgkin Lymphoma. Initial therapy consisted of intravenous methyl prednisolone and switched over to Oral Prednisolone. However, the patient came back with raised sugar levels and there was no clinical...
Read more